What about reservoirs? Questioning anthropogenic and climatic interferences on water availability     

Abdullah Akbas  Jim Freer  Hasan Ozdemir  Paul D. Bates  M. Tufan Turp 《水文研究》2020,34(26):5441-5455

Water resources in semi-arid regions like the Mediterranean Basin are highly vulnerable because of the high variability of weather systems. Additionally, climate change is altering the timing and pattern of water availability in a region where growing populations are placing extra demands on water supplies. Importantly, how reservoirs and dams have an influence on the amount of water resources available is poorly quantified. Therefore, we examine the impact of reservoirs on water resources together with the impact of climate change in a semi-arid Mediterranean catchment. We simulated the Susurluk basin (23.779-km²) using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. We generate results for with (RSV) and without reservoirs (WRSV) scenarios. We run simulations for current and future conditions using dynamically downscaled outputs of the MPI-ESM-MR general circulation model under two greenhouse gas relative concentration pathways (RCPs) in order to reveal the coupled effect of reservoir and climate impacts. Water resources were then converted to their usages – blue water (water in aquifers and rivers), green water storage (water in the soil) and green water flow (water losses by evaporation and transpiration). The results demonstrate that all water resources except green water flow are projected to decrease under all RCPs compared to the reference period, both long-term and at seasonal scales. However, while water scarcity is expected in the future, reservoir storage is shown to be adequate to overcome this problem. Nevertheless, reservoirs reduce the availability of water, particularly in soil moisture stores, which increases the potential for drought by reducing streamflow. Furthermore, reservoirs cause water losses through evaporation from their open surfaces. We conclude that pressures to protect society from economic damage by building reservoirs have a strong impact on the fluxes of watersheds. This is additional to the effect of climate change on water resources.  相似文献   

浅析动画效果地图的公开表示     

周昕薇  狄琳  白敬辉  刘杰  刘晓辉 《测绘通报》2020,(2):118-120

公开地图的表示关乎国家安全、领土完整、民族尊严，具有严肃的政治性、严密的科学性和严格的法定性。动画效果地图是大众喜闻乐见而又十分有效的信息传播载体。但在公开表示方面存在盲区，是"问题地图"的高发区，可能造成严重的不良影响。本文总结了动画效果地图的常见类型、高发问题及成因，提出了动画效果地图表示方法建议，明确了地图底图和动画效果都要符合公开地图表示有关要求，对动画效果地图的制作和公开使用具有一定的指导性和启发性。  相似文献   

Experimental study on the hydrological performance of green roofs in the application of novel biochar     

Shan Huang  Ankit Garg  Guoxiong Mei  Disheng Huang  Rahul Balaji Chandra  Shaji Gayathri Sadasiv 《水文研究》2020,34(23):4512-4525

Biochar has the potential to be a soil amendment in green roofs owing to its water retention, nutrient supply, and carbon sequestration application. The combined effects of biochar and vegetated soil on hydraulic performance (e.g., saturated hydraulic conductivity, retention and detention, and runoff delay) are the crucial factor for the application of the novel biochar in green roofs. Recent studies investigated soil water potential (i.e., suction) either on vegetated soil or on biochar-amended soil but rarely focused on their integrated application. With the purpose of investigating the hydraulic performance of green roofs in the application of biochar, the combined effect of biochar and vegetated soil on hydrological processes was explored. Artificial rainfall experiments were conducted on the four types of experimental soil columns, including natural soil, biochar-amended soil, vegetated natural soil, and vegetated biochar-amended soil. The surface ponding, bottom drainage and the volumetric water content were measured during the rainfall test. Simulation method by using HYDRUS-1D was adopted for estimating hydraulic parameters and developing modelling analysis. The results indicated that the saturated hydraulic conductivity of vegetated soil columns were higher than bare soil columns. The addition of biochar decreased the saturated hydraulic conductivity, and the magnitude of decrease was much significant in the case of vegetated soil. The influence of vegetation on permeability is more prominent than biochar. The vegetated biochar-amended soil has the highest retention and detention capacity, and shows a preferable runoff delay effect under heavy rain among the four soil columns. The results from the present study help to understand the hydrological processes in the green roof in the application of biochar, and imply that biochar can be an alternative soil amendment to improve the hydraulic performance.  相似文献   

An alternative Boussinesq equation considering the effect of hysteresis on coastal groundwater waves          下载免费PDF全文

Jun Kong  Zhaoyang Luo  Chengji Shen  Guofen Hua  Hongjun Zhao 《水文研究》2016,30(15):2657-2670

This paper presents an alternative Boussinesq equation considering hysteresis effect via a third‐order derivative term. By introducing an improved moisture–pressure retention function, this equation describes, with reasonable precision, groundwater propagation in coastal aquifers subject to Dirichlet boundary condition of different oscillation frequencies. Test results confirmed that it is necessary to consider horizontal and vertical flows in unsaturated zone, because of their variable influences on hysteresis. Hysteresis in unsaturated zone can affect the water table wave number of groundwater wave motion, such as wave damping rate and phase lag. Oscillations with different periods exert different hysteresis effect on wave propagation. Truncation/shrinkage of unsaturated zones also affects the strength of hysteresis. These impacts can be reflected in the alternative Boussinesq equation by adjusting the parameter representing the variation rate of moisture associated with pressure change, as opposed to traditional computationally expensive hysteresis algorithms. The present Boussinesq equation is simple to use and can provide feasible basis for future coupling of groundwater and surface water models. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A new numerical approach to the hyperstatic reaction method for segmental tunnel linings     

Ngoc Anh Do  Daniel Dias  Pierpaolo Oreste  Irini Djeran‐Maigre 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2014,38(15):1617-1632

This paper proposes a numerical approach to the hyperstatic reaction method (HRM) for the analysis of segmental tunnel linings. The influence of segmental joints has been considered directly using a fixity ratio that is determined on the basis of the rotational stiffness. The parameters necessary for the calculation are presented. A specific implementation has been developed using a FEM framework. This code is able to consider the three‐dimensional (3D) effect of segment joints in successive rings on the tunnel lining behaviour. The present HRM allows one to take an arbitrary distribution of segment joints along the tunnel boundary into consideration. In addition, the rotational stiffness of segment joints has been simulated using nonlinear behaviour, as it is closer to the true behaviour of a joint than linear or bilinear behaviour. The numerical results of three hypotheses on ring interaction, which allow the 3D effect of a segmental tunnel lining to be taken into account, have been compared with data obtained from the shield‐driven tunnel of the Bologna–Florence high‐speed railway line project. The numerical results presented in the paper show that the proposed HRM can be used to effectively estimate the behaviour of a segmental tunnel lining. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Modelling the internal stress field in argillaceous rocks under humidification/desiccation     

L.L. Wang  A. Pouya  M. Bornert  B. Halphen 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2014,38(16):1664-1682

This paper deals with analytical and numerical modelling of the internal stress generated in argillaceous rocks during humidification/desiccation processes, which is an essential issue for damage study. This local stress field arises from two mechanisms: (i) complex interactions between free swelling/shrinking clay matrix and non‐strained inclusions of carbonate and quartz and (ii) a self‐restraint effect induced by the moisture gradient during the transient moisture exchange process. The inclusion–matrix interaction is investigated in different cases. Firstly, the analytical solution of the stress around a cylindrical inclusion embedded in an infinite swelling matrix is derived: The inclusion would suffer tension (compression) under humidification (desiccation), and the resulting cracking patterns are discussed. Then, the problem of two inclusions with different distances in an infinite swelling matrix is considered, and it is shown that the local stress around an inclusion will be perturbed and amplified by neighbouring inclusions. Finally, an inclusion outcropping at the free surface of a swelling matrix is modelled as to investigate the effect of free surface: The inclusion–matrix interface undergoes shear stresses of which the maximum is found at the free surface. In addition to the inclusion–matrix interaction, the self‐restraint effect is investigated: The induced stress is maximal at the beginning of humidification/desiccation processes and vanishes gradually with time. The quantity of the self‐restraint stress is strongly controlled by the hydric loading rate. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A probabilistic approach for computing water retention of particulate systems from statistics of grain size and tessellated pore network     

Richard Wan  Mehdi Pouragha  Mahdad Eghbalian  Jérôme Duriez  Tai Wong 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2019,43(5):956-973

The paper offers an analytical determination of the hydraulic properties of an unsaturated soil with reference to its retention curve, which describes the relationship between the volumetric water content and capillarity through matric suction. The analysis combines a particulate approach focused on the physics at the pore scale, including microstructural aspects, with a probabilistic approach where the void space and grain size are considered as random variables. In the end, the soil water characteristic curve of an unsaturated granular medium along a drying path can be derived analytically based on the sole information of particle size distribution. The analysis hinges on the tessellation of a wet granular system into an assemblage of tetrahedral unit cells revealing a pore network upon which capillary physics are computed with respect to pore throat invasion by a non-wetting fluid with evolving pendular capillary bridges. The crux of the paper is to pass from particle size probability distribution to a matching void space distribution to eventually reveal key information such as void cell and solid volume statistics. Making reasonable statistically based assumptions to render calculations tractable, the water retention curve can be readily constructed. Model predictions compare quite favourably with experimental data available for actual soils, especially in the high saturation range. Having a sound scientific basis, the model can be made amenable to address a variety of soils with a wider range of particle sizes.  相似文献   

温泉钙华沉积的影响因素   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

刘海生  周训  张彧齐  海阔  余鸣潇  谭梦如  尚子琦 《中国岩溶》2020,39(1):11-16

钙华是在泉水、河水、湖水、洞穴周围沉积的非海相碳酸钙沉积物。钙华是陆地水循环过程中物质迁移的一种表现形式,研究钙华的形成有助于了解局部水文循环中的物质迁移规律并间接了解古气候与古水文地质条件。部分温泉的泉口附近沉积有形态多样的钙华。本文综述温泉钙华的形成过程、钙华沉积的主要影响因素和它们之间的相互影响关系。水化学条件是钙华沉积的物质基础和必要条件,水动力条件是钙华沉积的充分条件,生物效应对钙华沉积起到加强的作用,沉积环境通过影响水化学条件或水动力条件间接控制钙华的沉积。  相似文献   

矿山地质环境评价中最佳评价尺度确定方法的研究及应用     

陈钰嘉  田淑芳 《现代地质》2020,34(3):626-634

矿山地质环境的评价对于矿产资源的开发利用、矿山环境的恢复治理有重要意义,在评价工作中最佳评价尺度的确定有助于提高评价结果的精确性和统一性。本次研究从矿山地质环境的评价内容出发,提出一种最佳评价尺度的确定方法。在不同尺度下,将评价区域按照边界划分成网格评价单元,通过定量化评价指标的尺度效应表现(异质性、一致性、信息量、破碎度),求出其随尺度变化的拟合函数,进而建立最佳评价尺度函数,并求出其评价适宜区间和最佳评价尺度。将该方法应用到福建省龙岩市新罗区、三明市大田县矿山地质环境评价中,得到新罗区和大田县的最佳评价尺度适宜区间分别为[997.8 m,1 194 m]、[955.5 m,1 297.8 m],最佳评价尺度分别为1 049.6 m、1 182.1 m。在该评价尺度区间内,所得到的评价结果基本一致,并且在最佳评价尺度下评价结果的效果更好,从而证明了该方法的可行性。研究表明,最佳评价尺度函数受到研究区范围、评价内容分布情况、自然地理情况等因素的综合影响。该研究成果可以为矿山地质环境评价工作中评价尺度的确定提供理论依据。  相似文献   

土−水特征曲线测量过程中孔隙分布的演化规律探讨     

牛庚  邵龙潭  孙德安  韦昌富  郭晓霞  徐华 《岩土力学》2020,41(4):1195-1202

测量了在宽广吸力范围内原状样和压实样的脱湿持水曲线，对比分析了单双峰结构持水性能的差异；并利用压汞试验测试两种土样在脱湿过程的孔隙分布，分析了两者的差异并探讨了脱湿过程孔隙的演化规律；在考虑收缩变形的基础上，基于孔隙分布曲线确定了土?水特征曲线的基本参数。试验结果表明：原状样在宽广吸力范围内基本上呈单峰孔隙结构；饱和压实样具有单峰孔隙结构，随着吸力的增加，双峰结构越来越明显，当吸力达到很大时，演化成完全双峰孔隙结构。原状样的持水曲线为经典的S形，而压实样的持水曲线在过渡段出现了水平台阶状；低吸力段，压实样的持水曲线低于原状样，而高吸力段，两者的持水曲线基本重合。基于孔隙分布曲线确定了控制持水曲线进气值和残余值的孔径，并计算出对应的吸力值，其值更符合实际物理意义。  相似文献